Identification by way of usernames and passwords, and to a lesser extent one-time passwords, are declining in reliability owing to hackers’ use of malicious software and their ability to learn about consumers’ personal information from social networks. Online protection is expected to continue to decline in dependability, creating opportunities for the use of out-of-band authentication involving the mobile channel as a second line of defense against fraud. One significant benefit of out-of-band authentication is its ability to defeat man-in-the-middle and man-in-the-browser malicious softw...