In Europe, NFC-based mobile payments at merchant locations are available in the U.K., France, Spain, Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, the Baltics, Italy, Germany, Switzerland, and Turkey. Programs have been introduced by handset manufacturers Apple and Samsung (soon), mobile network operators (MNOs) including PT, Turkcell, Vodafone, Swisscom, Orange, Telecom Italia, Telenor, SFR, Deutsche Telekom (and T-Mobile), and Telefonica — with and without bank card issuing partners — as well as financial institutions working without MNO partners including Rabobank, Credit Agricole, TC Ziraat, Isban...