Every card issuer in the world using VisaNet to process card transactions receives backup from the network when their own transaction authorization systems are unavailable owing to normal maintenance or a problem such as an outage. Stand-in processing (STIP), which is as old as VisaNet, occurs in milliseconds. It exists to protect the reputation of the issuer and the card brand by assuring that cardholders receive a response after having swiped, inserted, tapped, or inputted a card. Issuers create their own parameters for STIP based on factors that include the number of transactions and ...