The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in conjunction with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) have published an update of the ISO/IEC 7812-1 standard allowing for issuer identification numbers (IINs) to be expanded to 8 digits. Currently, IINs are 6 digits. The IIN forms part of the primary account number (PAN) that links a payment card to an individual account. Some merchants use PANs or IINs to identify a cardholder for services such as loyalty programs. Those merchants might need to update their back-end systems. Point-of-sale terminals may need to be u...