Spending for goods and services—purchase volume—initiated by the 150 largest issuers of debit cards combined reached $11.210 trillion in 2022. The 10 largest issuers accounted for 58.7% of purchase volume in 2022 among the top 150. The 5 issuers from China dominated the top 10. Nearly all their $4.560 trillion in purchase volume occurred on the UnionPay merchant network. There were 3 US issuers among the top 10. They generated $1.373 trillion in purchase volume. The largest debit card issuer in Russia moved up to 8th largest worldwide with $394.94 billion in purchase volume. The lone...