To defend itself against professional criminals determined to execute online fraud, the payment card industry has deployed artificial intelligence, in particular, machine learning systems that employ data driven models that provide a framework for monitoring transactions. Those criminals, who include organized gangs and state-sponsored agents, have driven fraud losses in the card industry above $30 billion annually. However, despite high monetary losses, defenders have made significant progress over the last four years and have succeeded in flattening the growth curve of fraud as a percenta...